一、招標(biāo)與投標(biāo)

在國(guó)際間進(jìn)行的招標(biāo)與投標(biāo)，可分別稱(chēng)為國(guó)際招標(biāo)和國(guó)際投標(biāo)，其特點(diǎn)是在同一標(biāo)的物的條件下請(qǐng)投標(biāo)者們黨爭(zhēng)。招標(biāo)與投標(biāo)是一種貿(mào)易方式的兩個(gè)方面，投標(biāo)是根據(jù)招標(biāo)條件在規(guī)定的時(shí)間內(nèi)向招標(biāo)者發(fā)出的實(shí)盤(pán)報(bào)價(jià)。招標(biāo)方式一般用于大型的成批商品或小型的大批商品或承建工程項(xiàng)目及交鑰匙工程等。

國(guó)際公開(kāi)招標(biāo)通常有以下程序：

招標(biāo)?？钦袠?biāo)廣告，編制招標(biāo)文件 對(duì)投票者進(jìn)行資格審查。
投標(biāo)。購(gòu)買(mǎi)招標(biāo)書(shū)，編制投標(biāo)文件 遞送投標(biāo)文件。
開(kāi)標(biāo)。根據(jù)招標(biāo)規(guī)定的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)，在投標(biāo)者們?cè)趫?chǎng)的情況下，當(dāng)眾拆開(kāi)投標(biāo)書(shū)宣布價(jià)格條款及交貨日期，其余內(nèi)容不予公開(kāi)。為了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，投標(biāo)者可經(jīng)主持人同意，當(dāng)場(chǎng)修改價(jià)格及交貨日期，以示競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
中標(biāo)。招標(biāo)者從若干份投標(biāo)書(shū)中擇優(yōu)選定交易對(duì)象依照標(biāo)書(shū)中的合同條款簽約。




二、相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)

標(biāo)的物 Subject matter
招標(biāo)通告 call for bid

招標(biāo)通知 tender notice
招標(biāo)文件 bid document．
招標(biāo)條件 general conditions of tender
招標(biāo)截止日期 date of the closing of tender

招標(biāo)方 tenderer
投標(biāo) submission of tenders
投標(biāo)方，投標(biāo)商tenderer, bidder
投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)書(shū) Invitation to Bid
投標(biāo)押金，押標(biāo)金 Bid Bond
投標(biāo)文件 tender document．
做標(biāo)，編標(biāo) work out tender document．
投標(biāo)書(shū) Form of Tender
投標(biāo)評(píng)估 evaluation of bids

愿意／不愿意參加投標(biāo)
be wi11ing／unwilling toparticipate in the bid
我們擬參加……的投標(biāo)。
We wish to tender fro…

我們同意遵守以上規(guī)定的投標(biāo)條款。
We agree to abide by the conditions of Tenderspecified above.

資格預(yù)審 prequalification
詢價(jià) inquiry
詢價(jià)請(qǐng)求，詢價(jià)單 Requisition for Inquiry

報(bào)價(jià) quotation
報(bào)價(jià)表格 Form of Quotation
提交報(bào)價(jià) submission of quotation
升價(jià)，提價(jià) escalation

不適當(dāng)?shù)?如用電話)或不負(fù)責(zé)任的報(bào)價(jià)將被拒收。
Aninadequate(e.g.by telephone) or unresponsivequotation may be reason for rejecting the quotation

標(biāo)底 base price limit on bids
報(bào)標(biāo) bid quotation
評(píng)標(biāo) evaluation of tender
議標(biāo) tender discussion
決標(biāo) tender decision
開(kāi)標(biāo) bid opening
中標(biāo) has/have won the bidding in …
中標(biāo)者

the winning/successful bidder, the successfultenderer
未中標(biāo)者 the unsuccessful tenderer
中標(biāo)函 Letter of Acceptance

招標(biāo)人　Tenderee
投標(biāo)人　Tenderer
招標(biāo)　　IFB (Invitation for bid); public bidding;
履約保函　Performance security
投標(biāo)保函　Bid security
標(biāo)的物 Subject matter
招標(biāo)通告 Tender Announcement
投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)書(shū) Invitation to Bid
招標(biāo)通知 Tender notice
招標(biāo)文件 Bid document
招標(biāo)條件 General conditions of Tender
招標(biāo)截止日期 Closing date for the Tender; deadline for theTender Submission;
投標(biāo) submission of the Tender; to submit the Tender
投標(biāo)方，投標(biāo)商 the Tenderer, the Bidder
投標(biāo)押金，押標(biāo)金 Bid Bond
投標(biāo)文件 tender document．
做標(biāo)，編標(biāo) Develop or prepare the Tender Documents．
投標(biāo)書(shū) the Form of Tender
投標(biāo)評(píng)估 uation of Bids
愿意／不愿意參加投標(biāo)
be wi11ing／unwilling to participate in the bid
我們擬參加……的投標(biāo)。We wish to tenderfor…
我們同意遵守以上規(guī)定的投標(biāo)條款。
We agree to abide by or subject to the conditions of Tender set forthhereinabove.
資格預(yù)審 prequalification
詢價(jià) inquiry
詢價(jià)請(qǐng)求，詢價(jià)單 Request or Requisition for Inquiry
報(bào)價(jià) quotation
報(bào)價(jià)表格 Form of Quotation
提交報(bào)價(jià) submission of quotation
升價(jià)，提價(jià) Price increase or increase in price
不適當(dāng)?shù)?如用電話)或不負(fù)責(zé)任的報(bào)價(jià)將被拒收。

An improper (e.g. by telephone) or irresponsible quotation may be rejected.
標(biāo)底 base price of the Tender
報(bào)標(biāo) bid quotation
評(píng)標(biāo) uation of Tender
議標(biāo) Tenders discussion or discussion on the Tenders
決標(biāo) tender decision or decide the successful Tenderer
開(kāi)標(biāo) bid opening
中標(biāo) win a Tender or the successful Bidder …
中標(biāo)者

the Winning/Successful Bidder, the SuccessfulTenderer
未中標(biāo)者 the unsuccessful tenderer
中標(biāo)函 Letter of Acceptance
商務(wù)標(biāo)書(shū)　the Business Tender,
技術(shù)標(biāo)書(shū)　the Technical Tender,
Procurement：采購(gòu)，
Pre-qualification：對(duì)投標(biāo)人進(jìn)行的投標(biāo)資格預(yù)審；
Pre-qualification documents投標(biāo)資格預(yù)審文件；
Post-qualify：對(duì)投標(biāo)人進(jìn)行的投標(biāo)資格后審。
Pre-bid meeting：標(biāo)前會(huì)，是招標(biāo)人在投標(biāo)人提交投標(biāo)書(shū)以前組織投標(biāo)人參加的項(xiàng)目介紹調(diào)研會(huì)議，旨在向投標(biāo)人交待清楚諸如工程范圍、技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)要求等內(nèi)容，澄清招標(biāo)文件中可能存在的疑義，解答投標(biāo)人提出的與招投標(biāo)有關(guān)的問(wèn)題。有時(shí)標(biāo)前會(huì)與現(xiàn)場(chǎng)考察活動(dòng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行。國(guó)內(nèi)有些出版物將之譯為“預(yù)標(biāo)會(huì)”屬措詞不當(dāng)，容易產(chǎn)生誤導(dǎo)，使人理解為在正式投標(biāo)前預(yù)先模擬投標(biāo)，類(lèi)似于體育中的預(yù)賽。
Bidding Documents：應(yīng)譯為“招標(biāo)文件”，是由買(mǎi)方（項(xiàng)目業(yè)主或其招標(biāo)代理）發(fā)售給投標(biāo)人的，包含采購(gòu)內(nèi)容和技術(shù)商務(wù)條件等內(nèi)容的一套資料，必須與“投標(biāo)文件”（常說(shuō)的“標(biāo)書(shū)”）明確區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。國(guó)內(nèi)出版物常有將之誤譯成“標(biāo)書(shū)”者。而漢語(yǔ)中的“標(biāo)書(shū)”實(shí)為投標(biāo)人提交的對(duì)招標(biāo)文件作出實(shí)質(zhì)性反應(yīng)的投標(biāo)資料。

International Competitive Bidding：“國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性投標(biāo)”
Invitation For Bids：“投標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)函”，不宜譯為“招標(biāo)邀請(qǐng)公告”或“招標(biāo)通告”
Force Account：自營(yíng)工程，是指借款人因項(xiàng)目要求，先自行完成經(jīng)批準(zhǔn)的土木工程，然后再由貸款銀行對(duì)該工程費(fèi)用進(jìn)行歸墊。一般辭書(shū)很少出現(xiàn)。
Negotiating Bids：盡管?chē)?guó)內(nèi)出版物常將其譯為“議標(biāo)”，實(shí)質(zhì)上不屬于招投標(biāo)范疇，因?yàn)榇朔N采購(gòu)不具備招投標(biāo)活動(dòng)的最基本特征。應(yīng)按實(shí)定名，改譯為“談判采購(gòu)”。我國(guó)招投標(biāo)法中就將此種“議標(biāo)”排除在招投標(biāo)范圍之外。
Joint Venture：并非常說(shuō)的“合資企業(yè)”，而應(yīng)該指多個(gè)投標(biāo)人為了滿足相應(yīng)資格要求而暫時(shí)結(jié)成聯(lián)營(yíng)體，作為單一投標(biāo)人參加投標(biāo)和履行合同，合同履行完畢即解散，這種聯(lián)合僅是暫時(shí)的，多個(gè)投標(biāo)人所擁有的資產(chǎn)也不合并。因此譯作“聯(lián)營(yíng)體”更為合適。
Name of the company leading the Joint Venture 聯(lián)營(yíng)體牽頭公司名稱(chēng)




第一部分：在動(dòng)筆之前

1.Ask your client to list thedeal points. This can be in the form of a list, outline or narration. Doingthis will help the client focus on the terms of the agreement.
1.要求你的客戶列出合同交易的要點(diǎn)，也可以說(shuō)是合同的清單、目錄或概述。這一招首先幫助你的客戶弄清合同的重點(diǎn)所在。

2.Engage your client in"what if" scenarios. A good contract will anticipate many possiblefactual situations and express the parties' understanding in case those factsarise. Talking to your client about this will generate many issues you may nototherwise consider.

2.讓你的客戶提供一些假設(shè)可能發(fā)生的情況。好的合同不僅能夠預(yù)見(jiàn)到許多可能發(fā)生的情況，而且還能清楚地描述出發(fā)生這些情況后合同雙方的立場(chǎng)。和客戶聊這些情況將有助于你發(fā)現(xiàn)一些你可能沒(méi)有考慮到的問(wèn)題。

3.Ask your client for asimilar contract. Frequently, clients have had similar transactions in the pastor they have access to contracts for similar transactions.
3.請(qǐng)求你的客戶提供類(lèi)似的合同。通常情況下，客戶都保留著過(guò)去的交易記錄或者是類(lèi)似合同。

4.Search your office computeror the Internet for a similar form. Many times you can find a similar form onyour computer. It may be one you prepared for another client or one younegotiated with another lawyer. Just remember to find and replace the oldclient's name. Starting with an existing form saves time and avoids the errorsof typing.
4.在辦公室的電腦中或是在因特網(wǎng)上搜索類(lèi)似的合同范本。通常你會(huì)在你的電腦上找到你想要的東西，這些類(lèi)似的合同范本要么是你給其他客戶準(zhǔn)備的，要么是你和其他的律師共同協(xié)商起草的。使用這些舊合同可以為你節(jié)省時(shí)間和避免打印錯(cuò)誤，不過(guò)，用這些合同范本時(shí)別忘了替換掉老客戶的名字。




5.Obtain forms in books orCD-ROM. Typical forms of contracts can be found in form books, such as West'sLegal Forms (a nationwide set) and Florida Jur Forms, as well as in treatisesand Florida Bar CLE publications. These can be used as the starting point fordrafting the contract or as checklists of typical provisions and wording toinclude in the contract. Many treatises and form books now come with forms ondisk or CD-ROM.
5.從書(shū)中或者是光盤(pán)上獲取合同范本。典型的合同范本在一些范例書(shū)中都可能找到：比如,西方法律文書(shū)（全國(guó)版）佛羅里達(dá)州文書(shū)期刊，另外，在有些論文和佛羅里達(dá)州律師協(xié)會(huì)的法律繼續(xù)教育出版物中也可以找到一些。起草合同時(shí)，你可以把這些范本當(dāng)做原始資料，利用其中某些典型的條款和措詞。更為方便的是，許多論文和書(shū)中的合同范本都有電子文本儲(chǔ)存在磁盤(pán)或光盤(pán)中。

6.Don't let your client signa letter of intent without this wording. Sometimes clients are anxious to signsomething to show good faith before the contract is prepared. A properly wordedletter of intent is useful at such times. Just be sure that the letter ofintent clearly states that it is not a contract, but that it is merely anoutline of possible terms for discussion purposes. See Appendix C.
6.如果沒(méi)有特別申明，不要讓你的客戶在意向書(shū)上簽字。有時(shí)候，在合同未準(zhǔn)備好之前，客戶為了表示誠(chéng)意，往往急于簽署某些東西，當(dāng)然，在這種情況下，如果客戶急于簽署的是有特別申明的意向書(shū)，這也是可以的，但一定要注明：本意向書(shū)并非合同，只是雙方為了更好地溝通協(xié)商，而擬定的對(duì)未來(lái)?xiàng)l款的概述。類(lèi)似意向書(shū)的范例見(jiàn)附錄C。




Writing that First Word

第二部分：開(kāi)始起草合同

7.Start with a simple, genericcontract form. The form in Appendix A is such a form. It provides a solidstarting point for the structure of the contract. Like a house, a contract musthave a good, solid foundation.
7.從簡(jiǎn)單、典型的合同入手。附錄A就是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單、典型的合同，它提供了一個(gè)合同的基本支架。像房子一樣，一個(gè)合同必須有一個(gè)牢固的根基。




8.State the correct legalnames of the parties in the first paragraph. As obvious as this is, it is oneof the most common problems in contracts. For individuals, include full firstand last name, and middle initials if available

and other identifyinginformation, if appropriate, such as Jr., M.D., etc. For corporations,checkwith the Secretary of State where incorporated.

8.在合同的第一段要寫(xiě)清楚雙方的名稱(chēng)。這是個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單而又不得不引起重視的問(wèn)題。如果是個(gè)人，要寫(xiě)清姓和名,中間有大寫(xiě)字母和其他身份信息的，也要注明，例如：jr.,M.D,等等；如果是公司，為避免弄錯(cuò)，寫(xiě)名稱(chēng)時(shí)可以到公司注冊(cè)地的相應(yīng)機(jī)構(gòu)去核對(duì)一下。




9.Identify the parties bynicknames. Giving each party a nickname in the first paragraph will make thecontract easier to read. For example, James W. Martin would be nicknamed"Martin."
9.確定合同雙方的別稱(chēng)（簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)）。為便于閱讀，一般要在合同的第一段為雙方弄一個(gè)別稱(chēng)，如：將詹姆士.馬丁簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)為"馬丁"。

10.Be careful when usinglegal terms for nicknames. Do not use "Contractor" as a nicknameunless that party is legally a contractor. Do not use "Agent" unlessyou intend for that party to be an agent, and if you do, then you better specifythe scope of authority and other agency issues to avoid future disagreements.
10.使用法定術(shù)語(yǔ)作為雙方當(dāng)事人的別稱(chēng)時(shí)，要小心。除非一方當(dāng)事人在法定上就是承包人，否則不要將"承包人"作為其別稱(chēng)。同樣，除非你想讓一方當(dāng)事人成為法定上的代理人，否則不要稱(chēng)其為"代理人"，如果堅(jiān)持要用，最好明確一下代理范圍并找到其他可以避免將來(lái)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)的方案。




11.Include a blank for thedate in the first paragraph. Putting the date in the first paragraph makes iteasy to find after the contract is signed. It also makes it easy to describethe contract in other documents in a precise way, such as the "December20, 2000, Contract for Sale of Real Estate."

11.在合同的第一段要為書(shū)寫(xiě)簽約時(shí)間留下空格。把簽約時(shí)間放在第一段，當(dāng)合同簽署后，你就能夠很容易地找到它，而且，這樣做還可以給你在其他相關(guān)文件中準(zhǔn)確地描述這個(gè)合同提供幫助，范例如：不動(dòng)產(chǎn)買(mǎi)賣(mài)合同，訂立于2000年12月20日




12.Include to providebackground. Recitals are the "whereas" clauses that precede the bodyof a contract. They provide a simple way to bring the contract's reader (party,judge or jury) up to speed on what the contract is about, who the parties are,why they are signing a contract, etc. The first paragraph in the body of thecontract can incorporate the recitals by reference and state that they are trueand correct. This will avoid a later argument as to whether or not the recitalsare a legally binding part of the contract.
12.書(shū)寫(xiě)引述語(yǔ)。引述語(yǔ)是指那些放在合同主體前面的"鑒于"條款。書(shū)寫(xiě)此類(lèi)條款的目的是為了讓讀者（通常指合同雙方，法官，陪審團(tuán)）很快地了解到合同的主要內(nèi)容是什么，合同雙方是誰(shuí)，以及他們?yōu)槭裁春炗喓贤鹊?。?dāng)然，合同主體的第一段也可以加上引述語(yǔ)并陳述其是真實(shí)準(zhǔn)確的，如果這樣做了，合同雙方將來(lái)就不會(huì)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)：引述語(yǔ)作為合同的一部分是否具有法律效力？




13.Outline the contract bywriting out and underlining paragraph headings in their logical order. Theparagraphs should flow in logical, organized fashion. It is not necessary towrite them all at once; you can write them as you think of them. Try to grouprelated concepts in the same paragraphs or in adjacent paragraphs. For example,write an employment contract's initial paragraph headings like this:
Recitals.
Employment. Duties. Term. Compensation.
13.按邏輯順序列出合同段落的標(biāo)題詞.合同的段落是按一定的邏輯順序組織起來(lái)的，當(dāng)然，你并不需要一下子列出所有段落的標(biāo)題詞，想到多少就寫(xiě)多少，不過(guò)，這些標(biāo)題詞要力求總結(jié)出每個(gè)段落或相關(guān)段落的內(nèi)容。比如：撰寫(xiě)勞動(dòng)合同時(shí)列出的標(biāo)題詞就像下面這些：引述語(yǔ) 聘用 職責(zé) 　期限　賠償




14.Complete each paragraph bywriting the contract terms that apply to that paragraph. This is simple. Youlearned this in elementary school. Just explain in words what the parties agreeto do or not do paragraph by paragraph.
14.在撰寫(xiě)每一段時(shí)要注意內(nèi)容集中，不要東拉西扯，是的，這很簡(jiǎn)單，你可能上小學(xué)時(shí)就學(xué)過(guò)，但我還是要提醒你，要集中火力，一段一段地分別說(shuō)明合同雙方同意做什么，不同意做什么。




15.Keep a pad at hand toremember clauses to add. It is normal to think of additional clauses, wordingand issues while writing a contract. Jot these down on a pad as you write; theyare easily forgotten. Also keep your client's outline and other forms in frontof you as you write, and check off items as you write them.
15.放一個(gè)便箋簿在手邊，以便記下需要添加的條款。在書(shū)寫(xiě)合同的同時(shí)，你可能隨時(shí)會(huì)想到一些需要添加條款、措詞和問(wèn)題，要盡快記在便箋簿上，因?yàn)樗麄兲菀淄?。另外，你最好將客戶列出的要點(diǎn)和一些類(lèi)似的合同范本也放在眼前，以便在書(shū)寫(xiě)過(guò)程中隨時(shí)查對(duì)。




16.Repeat yourself only whenrepetition is necessary to improve clarity. Ambiguity is created by saying thesame thing more than once; it is almost impossible to say it twice withoutcreating ambiguity. Only if the concept is a difficult one should you write itin more than one way. In addition, if you use an example to clarify a difficultconcept or formula, be sure that all possible meanings are considered and thatthe example is accurate and consistent with the concept as worded.
16.除非是為了更清晰地說(shuō)明問(wèn)題，否則不要在合同中重復(fù)陳述某個(gè)內(nèi)容。將一個(gè)事實(shí)來(lái)回地說(shuō)很容易讓人模棱兩可。如果你將一個(gè)概念重復(fù)地解釋?zhuān)抢斫馄饋?lái)就更有困難。另外，如果你想通過(guò)一個(gè)例子來(lái)闡明一個(gè)難以理解的概念或規(guī)則時(shí)，一定要考慮到其所有的含義、這個(gè)例子的準(zhǔn)確性以及它和概念的相符性。




第三部分：撰寫(xiě)時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)

17.Title it"Contract." Do not leave this one to chance. If your client wants acontract, call it a contract. A judge now sitting on the federal bench onceruled that a document entitled "Proposal" was not a contract eventhough signed by both parties. The lesson learned is, "Say what youmean." If you intend the document to be a legally binding contract, usethe word "Contract" in the title.

17.標(biāo)題上注明"合同"兩字。不要為碰運(yùn)氣而忽略這個(gè)。如果你的客戶需要合同，就要注明是合同。一個(gè)仍在聯(lián)邦法院里任職的法官就曾經(jīng)裁定：有雙方簽字，但標(biāo)有"建議書(shū)"的文件并非合同。這給我們的教訓(xùn)就是，你怎么想，就應(yīng)該怎么說(shuō)。如果你想讓你的文件成為具有法律效力的合同，就要在標(biāo)題中注明"合同"字樣。




18. Write in shortsentences. Short sentences are easier to understand than long ones.

18.寫(xiě)短句子，因?yàn)槎叹渥颖乳L(zhǎng)句子讓人更容易理解。




19.Write in active tense,rather than passive. Active tense sentences are shorter and use words moreefficiently, and their meaning is more apparent. Example of active:"Sellers shall sell the Property to Buyer." Example of passive:"The Property shall be sold to Buyer by Seller."

19.用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)而不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。相對(duì)而言，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子更簡(jiǎn)短，措詞更精練，表達(dá)更明白。還是讓我們來(lái)來(lái)看一個(gè)例子吧，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子：賣(mài)方將把此物賣(mài)給買(mǎi)方;被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子：此物將被賣(mài)方賣(mài)給買(mǎi)方。




20.Don't use the word"biweekly." It has two meanings: twice a week and every other week.The same applies to "bimonthly." Instead, write "every otherweek" or "twice a week."

20.不要用“雙周”之類(lèi)的詞，因?yàn)檫@有可能產(chǎn)生歧義----是兩周還是每隔一周？類(lèi)似的詞還有"雙月",所以最好這樣寫(xiě):"兩周"或"每隔一周"。




21.Don't say things like"active termites and organisms". Avoid ambiguity by writing either"active termites and active organisms" or "organisms and activetermites." When adding a modifier like "active" before acompound of nouns like "termites and organisms", be sure to clarifywhether you intend the modifier to apply to both nouns or just the first one.If you intend it to apply to both, use parallel construction and write themodifier in front of each noun. If you intend it to apply to just one noun,place that one noun at the end of the list and the modifier directly in frontof it.

21.不要說(shuō)"活動(dòng)著的白蟻和有機(jī)體"之類(lèi)的話，為了避免模棱兩可，最好這樣寫(xiě)：“活動(dòng)著的白蟻和活動(dòng)著的有機(jī)體”或是“白蟻和活動(dòng)著的有機(jī)體”。當(dāng)一組名詞（如"白蟻和有機(jī)體"）前有一個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)（如"活動(dòng)著的"）時(shí)，你一定要弄清楚這個(gè)修飾語(yǔ)是修飾兩個(gè)名詞還是僅僅修飾第一個(gè)名詞。如果是修飾兩個(gè)詞，可以用排比的手法分別在這兩個(gè)詞之前加上修飾語(yǔ)，如果你只想修飾一個(gè)名詞，那么你就應(yīng)該把這個(gè)詞放在這組詞的最后，然后在它的前面加上修飾語(yǔ)。




22. Don't say"Lessor" and "Lessee." These are bad nicknames for a leasebecause they are easily reversed or mistyped. Use "Landlord" and"Tenant" instead. The same applies to lienor and lienee, mortgagorand mortgagee, grantor and grantee, licensor and licensee, party A and party B.This is where you can use your creativity to come up with a different nicknamefor a party, as long as you use it consistently throughout the contract.

22.不要說(shuō)“出租人”和“承租人”。這對(duì)一個(gè)租賃合同來(lái)說(shuō)是些不好的別稱(chēng)，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)菀妆活嵉够蛘叱霈F(xiàn)打印錯(cuò)誤?？梢杂谩胺繓|”和“房客”來(lái)代替他們。同樣，在合同中也不要說(shuō)留置權(quán)人和留置人，抵押權(quán)人和抵押人，保證人和被保證人，許可人和被許可人，當(dāng)事人A和當(dāng)事人B......到底怎么說(shuō)，這就要看你駕馭語(yǔ)言的能力了，不過(guò)，要把握的一條原則，即在整個(gè)合同中，對(duì)合同一方只能用一個(gè)別稱(chēng)。




23. Watch out when using"herein." Does "wherever used herein" mean anywhere in thecontract or anywhere in the paragraph? Clarify this ambiguity if it matters.

23.使用術(shù)語(yǔ)“本文（herein，也可譯為”“在這里”）時(shí)要當(dāng)心。為了避免含糊不清，使用“本文”時(shí)最好特別申明一下“本文”是指整個(gè)合同，還是指其所在的某一段落。




24. Write numbers as bothwords and numerals: ten (10). This will reduce the chance for errors.

24.寫(xiě)數(shù)目時(shí)要文字和阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字并用，如：拾（10）。這將減少一些不經(jīng)意的錯(cuò)誤。




25. When you write"including" consider adding "but not limited to." Unlessyou intend the list to be all-inclusive, you had better clarify your intentthat it is merely an example.

25.如果你想用"包括"這個(gè)詞，就要考慮在其后加上"但不限于....."的分句。除非你能夠列出所有被包括的項(xiàng)，否則最好用"但不限于...."的分句，來(lái)說(shuō)明你只是想舉個(gè)例子。

來(lái)源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)，版權(quán)歸原作者所有，如有問(wèn)題請(qǐng)聯(lián)系刪除，我方轉(zhuǎn)載的目的在于傳遞更多信息及分享，不構(gòu)成任何建議及觀點(diǎn)。本文內(nèi)容僅代表作者個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)，本平臺(tái)不承擔(dān)不當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)載或引用本文內(nèi)容而產(chǎn)生糾紛的法律責(zé)任。

更多招標(biāo)信息及招投標(biāo)資訊請(qǐng)持續(xù)關(guān)注哦！